Allama Iqbal

Allama Muhammad Iqbal (9 November 1877 – 21 April 1938) was a philosopher, poet, politician, lawyer, and scholar born in Sialkot, Punjab (now in Pakistan). He is celebrated as one of the most influential Muslim thinkers and poets of the 20th century, whose vision inspired the Pakistan Movement and continues to shape South Asian Muslim identity.

Zubanon Mein Maharat (Languages)

Iqbal was a master of multiple languages, which enriched his literary and philosophical output:

• Urdu: His primary language for poetry and prose, through which he communicated his philosophical and spiritual ideas to the masses.

• Persian: Iqbal’s early and some of his most profound works were composed in Persian, earning him recognition in Iran as Eghbal-e Lahori (Iqbal of Lahore).

• English: He was well-versed in English, having studied in England, and delivered lectures and wrote essays in English.

• Arabic: Studied as part of his Islamic education, enabling him to engage deeply with Islamic texts.

His linguistic skills allowed him to bridge Eastern and Western thought, making his philosophy accessible to diverse audiences.

Taleem Aur Adabi Safar (Education and Literary Journey)

Iqbal received his early education in Sialkot, followed by higher studies at Government College Lahore, where he completed his BA and MA in philosophy, English literature, and Arabic. In 1905, he traveled to Europe for advanced studies:

• England: Studied philosophy at Trinity College, Cambridge; qualified as a barrister at Lincoln’s Inn.

• Germany: Earned a PhD in philosophy from the University of Munich in 1908, with a thesis titled The Development of Metaphysics in Persia, exploring Islamic mysticism.

Upon returning to Lahore, Iqbal practiced law but devoted most of his time to writing poetry, philosophy, and political thought.

Shayari Aur Andaz-e-Bayan (Poetry and Style)

Iqbal’s poetry is a unique blend of spiritual philosophy, political activism, and cultural revival. His works use classical forms like ghazal and nazm but are infused with modern ideas and symbols.

• Themes: Selfhood (Khudi), spiritual awakening, unity of the Muslim Ummah, critique of colonialism, and the quest for freedom.

• Philosophical Depth: His poetry reflects the philosophy of Wahdat-ul-Wujood (Unity of Being) and the concept of Khudi (self-realization).

• Notable Poems: “Tu Shaheen Hai, Parwaz Hai Kaam Tera” inspires self-confidence and ambition.

Mashhoor Kitaabein (Major Works and Publication Years)

Falsafa Aur Tanqeed Nigari (Philosophy and Criticism)

Iqbal was not only a poet but also a profound philosopher and political thinker. His philosophy emphasized:

• Khudi (Selfhood): Encouraging individuals to realize their inner potential and spiritual strength.

• Islamic Revivalism: Advocated for a return to the true spirit of Islam to overcome decline.

• Political Vision: Promoted Muslim unity and self-determination, inspiring the creation of Pakistan.

• Critique of Nationalism: Warned against divisive nationalism and racism prevalent in Europe and India.

His philosophical lectures and essays, including The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam, remain influential.

Zindagi Aur Virsa (Life and Legacy)

Iqbal was knighted in 1922 by the British Crown for his literary contributions. He is revered as Mufakkir-e-Pakistan (The Thinker of Pakistan) and Shair-e-Mashriq (Poet of the East). His birthday, 9 November, is commemorated as Iqbal Day in Pakistan.

Iqbal’s poetry and philosophy continue to inspire millions, transcending national and linguistic boundaries. His works are studied widely in Pakistan, India, Iran, and beyond.